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o = observed, e = expected. Degrees of freedom are the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.
| p | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.05 | 3.84 | 5.99 | 7.81 | 9.49 | 11.07 | 12.59 | 14.07 | 15.51 |
| 0.01 | 6.63 | 9.21 | 11.34 | 13.28 | 15.09 | 16.81 | 18.48 | 20.09 |
Columns are degrees of freedom.
p and q are the frequencies of allele 1 and allele 2 in a population.
B birth rate, D death rate, N population size, K carrying capacity, rmax maximum per capita growth rate.
n = organisms of one species, N = organisms of all species.
In an OPEN container ΨP = 0, so
Ψ equals the solute potential.
i ionization constant (1.0 for sucrose),
C molar concentration,
R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K,
T in kelvin (°C + 273).
| 109 giga G | 106 mega M | 103 kilo k |
| 10−1 deci d | 10−2 centi c | 10−3 milli m |
| 10−6 micro µ | 10−9 nano n | 10−12 pico p |